Teaching Literature - Drama

Profª. Drª. Bárbara de Fátima.

 

How to talk about Drama

Basic Definition:

Drama is a form of literature acted out by performers. Performers work with the playwright, director, set and lighting designers to stage a show.

Live actors act as someone else called a character.

A play consists of:

dialogue - where characters talk with each other; action - what characters do in the play; gesture - what the character shows through motion(s) and expression(s).

A script, written by a playwright, gives the actors words and cues to perform the dialogue, actions and gestures of their characters on stage.

As a reader, you can only imagine what the gestures, expressions and voices of the characters are like. Remember you must imagine the "sounds," actions and scenery when you are reading a script.

Reading a play is like listening to a conversation, and using your imagination to guess at what the characters are like. This conversation is what actors will perform on the stage and will give you an idea of how other people, including the playwright, imagined the play to be.

Drama differs from short stories and novels because it is made to be performed by different actors in different locations throughout time. While the script remains the same, actors' interpretations of a single role may differ.

If you have read a play and then see it, you may be surprised because the play may be different from what you had imagined. This is similar to reading a story and then seeing a movie of that story – it is rarely exactly what you had imagined.

There are two basic types of drama:

• Tragedy - a serious, solemn play based on an important social, personal, or religious issue.

• Comedy - a play that shows the humorous actions of characters when they try to solve social, personal, or religious problems. 

ANALYZING DRAMA

How you react to a play will depend on:

1-  your individual perspective of the world;

2-  your sense of humor;

3-  you political attitudes;

4-  your moral values. 

Analysis begins by asking what factors about the play shaped your response.

Aspects of drama that help you to enjoy and interpret a play:

1- setting

2- structure

3- characterization

4- theme

5- dramatic irony 

Setting - The scenic design and props. These add meaning and historical context to what characters do and say in the drama. Some components of the setting are as follows:

-  the orchestra, the performance and dancing area for actors and chorus, which was utilized by Greek theater to inform audiences of what happens "off stage." (i.e. no murders or suicides were shown; instead, a messenger would inform the characters of the news).

-  lighting is used to show illusion of time, highlight an action, or emphasize an event or character. Lighting is more complicated today than it was in ancient times, because plays used to be shown only outside.

-  costumes are used to portray age, class, profession or ethnic culture. 

Structure - The way a play is organized into sections. Most plays are divided into acts and scenes. 

Ancient Greek drama did not use acts and scenes but had a system of divisions which were:

-  prologue (exposition) - the introductory speech given to the audience at the beginning of the play.

-  parados (entry of chorus) - the parados is the song chanted by the chorus on their entry. Their song is usually about the action of the play and helps to build emotion in the audience.

-  episodes - modern drama would call these scenes, or acts. There are usually four or five episodes. Each episode consists of dialogue and action that takes place in one location at one time. Each is separated by a choric interlude, or the strophe and antistrophe.

-  choric interlude - immediately follows each of the episodes. Like the parados, these are songs or odes performed by the chorus. They serve to comment on the characters' actions, express emotion, and explain the plot. Also, because Greek theatre had no curtain, the interludes indicate a change of scene.

-  strophe and antistrophe - these are terms that describe the chorus' movement from one side of the stage to the other. For the strophe, they are on one side of the stage, and for the antistrophe, they move to the other. When the chorus speaks outside of these interludes, directly with the characters, their lines are said by only one member of the chorus, their leader (Miller 38).

-  exodus - the final scene and resolution. 

The ancient Greek episodic structural pattern gradually evolved into a five part division of action. By the 16th century, most plays had five acts with as many scenes as needed. The playwright determines how many acts and scenes the play will have.

A traditional play follows the structural pattern of a traditional short story or novel. It has an introduction (exposition), conflict, climax, and a resolution (denouement).

Structure of a Play:

Clima

Introduction     Conflict     Resolution

(beginning)  (middle)    (end)

Characterization - the way the actor portrays the character's qualities and faults.

The actor plays a role that animates the character's:

1- traits

2-  moral qualities

3-  physical presence

4-  voice 

Qualities of a personality may be either physical and superficial (external) or psychological and spiritual (internal). Characters can possess both types of traits.

External characteristics (characteristics that flat, one-dimensional characters possess):

-  names

-  physical appearance

-  physical nature

-  manner of speech and accent

-  manner of dress

-  social status

-  class

-  education

-  friends

-  family

-  community interests

Internal characteristics (characters that round, multi-dimensional characters possess):

- thoughts

-  feelings

-  emotions 

Types of Characters:

- protagonist - the main character of a play, the one who is the center of action and holds your attention.

-  antagonist (or villain) - the character who causes problems for the protagonist. Example:

a. In Shakespeare's play, Othello, Othello is the protagonist and Iago is the antagonist (Desdemona can also be considered to be a protagonist).

b. In the fairy tale and movie, Cinderella, Cinderella is the protagonist and her wicked step mother is the antagonist.

- foil - the character that acts as the butt of the jokes. Also a character used to show contrast with the main character.

- confidant/confidante - friend or servant of the antagonist or portagonist who by "listening" provides the audience with a window into what the major characters are thinking and feeling. Example:

. In Othello, Desdemona's nurse acts as her confidant.

a. In Cinderella, the friendly mice serve as Cinderella's confidants.

-  stock characters - superficial roles. (Ex: comic, victim, simpleton/fool, braggart, pretender). 

Theme - the central purpose or message of the play as developed by the playwright (i.e. the playwright's message for the audience). 

dramatic irony - the contrast between what the character thinks the truth is and what the audience knows the truth to be. This occurs when the speaker fails to recognize the irony of his actions. For example, if the speaker were to put a curse on the murderer without realizing that he himself is the murderer, then he would have unwittingly cursed himself.

Example:

In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus places a curse on the murderer of Laios, not realizing that he was actually that murderer. Since the audience has information of which Othello is ignorant, they recognizes the significance of Othello's actions, while he does not.

REFERENCES:

KENNEDY, X. J. Literature - An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama. 3. ed. Boston: Little Brown, 1983.

MEYER, Michael. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston: Bedford Books, 1997.

MILLER, Jordan Y. The Heath Introduction to Drama. Lexington: MA: D.C. Health, 1976.